The Chinese Buddhist monk Xuanzang, who visited the region in the years 630–644, said that Buddhism dominated, but also noted that it was declining. Hinduism along with Buddhism was the predominant religion in Sindh before the Arab Islamic conquest. Main articles: Sindhi Hindus, Hinduism in Sindh Province, and Sindhis in India Some of the popular cultural icons are Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, Jhulelal and Sachal Sarmast. Sindhi Muslim culture is highly influenced by Sufi doctrines and principles. Sufism has left a deep impact on Sindhi Muslims and this is visible through the numerous Sufi shrines which dot the landscape of Sindh. The majority of Muslim Sindhis follow the Sunni Hanafi fiqh with a minority being Shia Ithna 'ashariyah.
160), among many others, and they're also those who translated scientific texts from Sanskrit into Arabic, for instance, the Zij al-Sindhind in astronomy. 159) or hadith and fiqh scholar Abu Mashar Sindhi (d. Sindh produced many Muslim scholars early on, "men whose influence extended to Iraq where the people thought highly of their learning", in particular in hadith, with the likes of poet Abu al- 'Ata Sindhi (d. In 712 A.D., Sindh was incorporated into the Caliphate, the Islamic Empire, and became the ‘Arabian gateway’ into India (later to become known as Bab-ul-Islam, the gate of Islam). Sayfi was one of the seven partisans of Ali who were beheaded alongside Hujr ibn Adi al-Kindi in 660AD, near Damascus. Harith ibn Murrah Al-abdi and Sayfi ibn Fil' al-Shaybani, both officers of Ali's army, attacked Sindhi bandits and chased them to Al-Qiqan (present-day Quetta) in the year 658. ĭuring the reign of Ali, many Jats came under the influence of Islam. "Oh Ali, owing to your alliance (with the prophet) you are true of high birth, and your example is great, and you are wise and excellent, and your advent has made your age an age of generosity and kindness and brotherly love". Habbari, Soomra, Samma, Arghun dynasties ruled Sindh. After 632 AD, it was part of the Islamic empires of the Abbasids and Umayyids. Before this period, it was heavily Hindu and Buddhist. Sindh was one of the earliest regions to be conquered by the Arabs and influenced by Islam after 720 AD.
The Ror dynasty was a power from the Indian subcontinent that ruled modern-day Sindh and Northwest India from 450 BC – 489 AD. Alexander the Great marched through Punjab and Sindh, down the Indus river, after his conquest of the Persian Empire. and in the first five centuries of the first millennium A.D., western portions of Sindh, the regions on the western flank of the Indus river, were intermittently under Persian, Greek and Kushan rule, first during the Achaemenid dynasty (500–300 BC) during which it made up part of the easternmost satrapies, then, by Alexander the Great, followed by the Indo-Greeks and still later under the Indo-Sassanids, as well as Kushans, before the Islamic invasions between the 7th–10th century AD. Historical periodįor several centuries in the first millennium B.C. This civilisation helped shape subsequent cultures in South Asia. The Indo-Aryans are believed to have founded the Vedic civilisation that existed between the Sarasvati River and Ganges river around 1500 BC. The Indus Valley Civilisation went into decline around the year 1700 BCE for reasons that are not entirely known, though its downfall was probably precipitated by an earthquake or natural event that dried up the Ghaggar River. Hundreds of settlements have been found spanning an area of about a hundred miles. There are remnants of thousand-year-old cities and structures, with a notable example in Sindh being that of Mohenjo Daro. Sindh and surrounding areas contain the ruins of the Indus Valley Civilization. Today, ethnic Sindhis are found predominantly in Pakistan while a minority resides in India. Sindhis ( Sindhi: سنڌي ( Perso-Arabic), सिन्धी ( Devanagari), ( Khudabadi)) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group who speak the Sindhi language and are native to the Sindh region in Pakistan, located along the lower course of the Indus River as it flows on its journey from the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea.
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